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In fact, there are sometimes indications (either To regions of active star formation (Matsushita et al. One clue to their origin is that they are often found close (Begelman 2002) or non-conservative highly super-Eddington accretion (King 2004). Radiate at super-Eddington rates by means of a magnetic confinement mechanism Still others suggest that they are stellar mass black holes able to 2001), or relativistic beaming (Körding et al. Only appears to be super-Eddington because it is strongly anisotropic,ĭue either to disk transfer effects (King etĪl. Others argue that they are stellar mass black holes whose radiation (Colbert & Mushotzky 1999, Miller & Hamilton 2002, Cropper et al. Some believe that they are black holes of mass ∼ 10 2– 10 3 M ⊙ Masses ∼ 10 M ⊙, their nature is the subject of much controversy. Would be super-Eddington coming from ordinary stellar black holes with Because these luminosities, if emitted isotropically, (see, e.g., the reviews by van der Marel 2003 and Miller & ColbertĢ004). Luminosities in the range 10 39 – 10 41erg s − 1seen in many nearby galaxies Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources (ULXs) are a class of X-ray source with apparent † † slugcomment: to appear in ApJ, 1 November 2004 1 Introduction Perhaps ∼ 10 5 yr in duration, but they may recur many times. ULXs are predicted to have brief episodes of high luminosity, Gas and because they move relatively rapidly in and out of dense regions, The baryonic mass of a galaxy to be in the form of intermediate-mass black holes.īecause the X-rays they produce strongly heat nearby interstellar Observed luminosity function and requires only a very small fraction of This model correctly predicts the shape of the
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They are then preferentiallyįound in or near molecular clouds. Galaxies and accreting from the interstellar medium. They are intermediate-mass black holes confined to the disks of their host
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A new picture of these objects is proposed in which Responsible, their sources of mass for accretion, and their relation to stellar There are ongoing debates about the masses of the objects The origin and nature of Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) is a contentiousĪnd controversial topic.